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The Gwangju Uprising, alternatively called May 18 Democratic Uprising by UNESCO,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime, in Gwangju, Republic of Korea )〕 and also known as Gwangju Democratization Movement〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=South Korea Current Issues > Backgrounder )〕 (), refers to a popular uprising in the city of Gwangju, South Korea from May 18 to 27, 1980. Estimates suggest up to 606 people may have died. During this period, Gwangju citizens took up arms (by robbing local armories and police stations) when local Jeonnam University students - who were demonstrating against the Chun Doo-hwan government - were fired upon, killed, and beaten in an unprecedented attack by government troops.〔Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," Urban Studies, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556-1557〕〔Patricia Ebrey et al., "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (Second Edition)" United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning (2009): 500〕 The uprising eventually ended in defeat on May 27, 1980. The event is sometimes called 5·18 (May 18; ), in reference to the date the movement began. Some critics of the event point to the fact that it occurred before Chun Doo-hwan officially took office, and so contend that it could not really have been a simple student protest against him that started it; however, Chun Doo-hwan had become the default leader of South Korea at that time since coming into power on December 12, 1979, after leading a successful military coup of the previous South Korean government.〔Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," Urban Studies, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556〕〔"Dying for democracy: 1980 Gwangju uprising transformed South Korea," The Japan Times, May 17th, 2014: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/17/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/dying-democracy-1980-gwangju-uprising-transformed-south-korea/#.U-SllvldWZg〕 During Chun Doo-hwan's presidency, the incident was also misrepresented by the media as a rebellion inspired by Communist sympathizers.〔"TV shows tarnish Gwangju history," JoongAng Daily, May 21st, 2013: http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971886〕 By 1997, a national cemetery and day of commemoration (May 18), along with acts to "compensate, and restore honor" to victims, were established.〔May, The Triumph of Democracy. Ed. Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. Page 275.〕 In 2011, 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime located in Gwanju city hall were inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. ==Background== President Park Chung-hee was assassinated on October 26, 1979 after ruling for 18 years. This abrupt ending of an authoritarian regime left South Korean politics in a state of instability. New President Choi Kyu-hah and his Cabinet had little control over not the country, and also the growing power of South Korean army General Chun Doo-hwan, who took control of the government through the Coup d'état of December Twelfth in 1979. The nation's democratization movements, which had been suppressed during Park's tenure, were being revived. With the beginning of a new semester in March 1980, professors and students expelled for pro-democracy activities returned to their universities, and student unions were formed. These unions led nationwide demonstrations for reforms, including an end to martial law (declared after Park's assassination), democratization, minimum wage demands, and freedom of press.〔''May, The Triumph of Democracy''. Ed. Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. Page 22.〕 These activities culminated in the anti-martial law demonstration at Seoul Station on May 15, 1980 in which about 100,000 students and citizens participated. In response, Chun Doo-hwan took several suppressive measures. On May 17, Chun Doo-hwan forced the Cabinet to expand martial law to the whole nation, which had previously not applied to Jeju Province. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities and further curtailed the press. To enforce the martial law, troops were dispatched to various parts of the nation. On the same day, The Defense Security Command raided a national conference of student union leaders from 55 universities, who were gathered to discuss their next moves in the wake of the May 15 demonstration. Twenty-six politicians, including South Jeolla Province native Kim Dae-jung, were also arrested on charges of instigating demonstrations. Ensuing strife focused in the South Jeolla Province, particularly in the then-provincial capital, Gwangju, for complex political and geographical reasons. These factors were both deep and contemporary: :(Jeolla, or Honam ) region is the granary of Korea. However, due to its abundant natural resources, the Jeolla area has historically been the target for exploitation by both domestic and foreign powers.〔Documentary ''518''. Produced by May 18 Memorial Foundation. See also Ahn Jean. "The socio-economic background of the Gwangju Uprising," in ''South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising''. Ed. Georgy Katsiaficas and Na Kahn-chae. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.〕 Oppositional protest has existed in Korea historically - especially in the South Cholla Province region - during the Donghak Peasant Revolution, Gwangju Students Movement, Yeosu–Suncheon Rebellion, regional resistance to the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), and more recently under the Third Republic of South Korea and Fourth Republic of South Korea, as can be seen by the three excerpts below: :Park Chung Hee's dictatorship had showered economic and political favors on his native Gyeongsang region in the southeast, at the expense of the Jeolla region of the southwest. The latter became the real hotbed of political opposition to the dictatorship, which in turn led to more discrimination from the centre. Finally, in May 1980 the city of Gwangju in South Jeolla province exploded in a popular uprising against the new military strongman, General Chun Doo Hwan, who responded with a bloodbath that killed hundreds of Gwangju's citizens.〔Armstrong, Charles. "Contesting the Peninsula". ''New Left Review'' 51. London: 2008. Page 118.〕 :The city of Kwangju was subject to particularly severe and violent repression by the military after () martial law was imposed. The denial of democracy and the heightening authoritarianism that accompanied the coming to power of Chun Doo Hwan to replace Park prompted nation-wide protests which, because of Cholla's () historical legacy of dissent and radicalism, were most intense in that region.〔Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery," Urban Studies, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1557〕 :The Kwangju incident is not a communist riot but a righteous movement against oppression of democracy and freedom. Thus, the main force behind this noble movement is neither mobs nor communists. It was we, the democracy-loving Chonnam people who rose to protect our rights in the name of democracy." (testimony )〔Gi-Wook Shin and Kyung Moon Hwang, editors, "Contentious Kwangju: The MAy 18 Uprising in Korea's Past and Present," Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. (2003): 125〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gwangju Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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